Arabic course : you can learn to read and write arabic..

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Lesson 1

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 1 - 3 of a total of 28 )

:Alif A as in Bad[ â ]
Bâ` B as in Back[ b ]
Tâ` T as in Take[ t ]

There are four shapes of every letter in the arabic alphabet. The different shapes for a letter are used according to which position it has got in a word.
All these shapes have to be memorized in order to be able to write arabic! Practice by writing the different shapes on paper.

(Alif)

(Bâ`)

(Tâ`)

Example:

Here we have three letters. In the arabic language we read from right to left, and we see that the first letter has a dot below the line, which could be a good way to recognize Bâ'.
Do you see how the shapes of the letters are changing in accordance with their positions in the word (in the picture)?
You will later learn how to write faster and faster, and I'm sure that you'll soon be able to write right on the paper without hassle! Memorize the shapes for Bâ' and Tâ' before we continue.

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Lesson 2

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 4 - 7 of a total of 28 )

Thâ`Th as in Thanks[ th ]

JeemJ as in Jack[ j ]

Hâ`A hissing sound resembling h, pronounced by partly stopping the airflow at the mid-part of the throat (at the level of a mans adams apple)[ h ]

Khâ`Fizzing sound, uttered by the root of the tounge touching the upper part of the throat[ kh ]

The shapes of these letters:

(Thâ`)

(Jeem)

(Hâ`)

(Khâ`)

Example:

The shapes of the letters are changing in accordance to their position, and becomes a word that if you would try to write it you'd hardly need to lift your pen off the paper. This is arabic writing!
Are you recognizing the letters of the word, without being able to pronounce it (the word)? Don't feel left out!
As a matter of fact, there is too little information given in order to pronounce the word, and there is no way to pronounce a word consisting of three consonants and no vowels.

Tashkeel & Harakât

There is a system of small letters called Tashkeel (ar. "explanation through specification"), that implements the use of short vowels and acoustic changes between the so-called "bigger letters" without the need for the bigger letters to change shape.

DammahO as in Book[ u ]

FathahA as in Snack[ a ]

KasrahI as in Kin[ i ]

SukoonThe Sukoon shows that there isn't any sound for this letter.[ ]

Example:

[ ji ] - [ ja ] -[ ju ]

A single letter from the tashkeel system is called a Harakah (arabic for "movement", or "motion"), the plural form is Harakât.
So the sound of a letter changes in correspondance to which Harakâh is found on it. Every letter has a Harakah, even if it isn't written. If a letter has Sukoon then it is usually not written at all.

Example:

[ bahatha ]

"He searched"

[ buhitha ]

"A search took place"Tashkeel has a great influence on the meaning of words, only one Harakah can change the whole meaning of a sentence!

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Lesson 3

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 8 - 11 of a total of 28 ):

Dâl D as in Day[ d ]

Dhâl Th as in The[ dh ]

Râ` Stiffer form than R in Route[ r ]

Zây Z as in Oz[ z ]

The shapes of these letters:

(Dâl)

(Dhâl)

(Râ`)

(Zây)

These letters are 4 out of 6 who are a part of the group of non-connectors. Alif is one of these letters, and this is why we have not been using it until now!

These 6 non-connectors have no medial or initial shape, and have these simple rules:

• Everytime they would take their initial shape they take their independent one.
• Everytime they would take their medial shape they instead take their final shape.
• The following letter always takes initial shape if it isn't the last letter of a word, because then it takes independent.

Example:

[ hadatha ]

"To be new", "recent" or "novel"

[ tâba ]

"He turned", "He repented"

[ dhabaha ]

"He slaughtered"

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Lesson 4

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 12 - 17 of a total of 28 ):

Seen S as in Say[ s ]

Sheen Sh as in Shine[ sh ]

Sâd Neighbour of Seen[ s ]

Dâd Neighbour of Dâl (as in lesson 3)[ d ]

Tâ` Neighbour of Tâ` (as in lesson 1)[ t ]

Zâ` Neighbour of Dhâl (as in lesson 3)[ z ]´

Attention! Zâ`is not the neighbour of Zây.

This is a common mistake.The shapes of these letters:

(Seen)

(Sheen)

(Sâd)

(Dâd)

(Tâ`)

(Zâ`)

The four thickies;

Sâd - Dâd - Tâ` - Zâ`

These are letters which sound like thick versions of their neighbours (as for neighbours, see top of page), that is, that the tounge is supposed to thicken the sound of the letter.
The sound changes for Alif or Yâ' (Yâ' is a letter that we haven't yet gone through) when they follow one of the four thickies. The sound does not change for Wâw, however.

Example: (listen carefully and repeat afterwards)

[ Sâl ] - [ Sâl ]

[ Seen ] - [ Seen ]

[ Sool ] - [ Sool ]

[ Dâr ] - [ Dâr ]

[ Deek ] - [ Deek ]

[ Dook ] - [ Dook ]

[ Tâ'irah ] - [ Tâ'irah ]

[ Teeb ] - [ Teeb ]

[ Toob ] - [ Toob ]

[ Dhâlim ] - [ Zâlim ]

[ Dheem ] - [ Zeem ]

[ Dhoom ] - [ Zoom ]

Take note that Wâw (the "oo" sound) does not differ in pronunciation in the last two words in every group.
Listen and repeat! Try to get the deep sound of Alif and Yâ' that comes from the back of the throat, when they are preceded by one of the four thickies.

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Lesson 5

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 18 - 21 of a total of 28 )

´Ayn Sound made by bringing tension to the mid-part of the throat (same place of the throat as Hâ')[ ´ ]

Ghayn Sound made by touching the tounge lightly on the same place that you touch when making the sound for Khâ' (the uppermost part of the throat)[ gh ]

Fâ` F as in Fairy[ f ]
Qâf A "clucking" sound made by the root of the tounge stopping the airflow at the inner-most part of the mouth, which is behind the part where Kâf is uttered[ q ]

The shapes of these letters:

(´Ayn)

(Ghayn)

(Fâ`)

(Qâf)

Listen to `Ayn:

[ ´oo ]-[ ´ee ]- [ ´â ]

Listen and repeat! Take note of the tension of the backside of the throat when the sound of `Ayn comes.

Listen to Ghayn:

[ ghoo ]-[ ghee ]- [ ghâ ]

Listen to Qâf:

[ qoo ]-[ qee ]-[ qâ ]

Take note that Alif sounds different when preceded by Ghayn or Qâf.

• This change happens when Alif is preceded by a total of seven letters; Râ', Sâd. Dâd, Tâ', Zâ', Ghayn and Qâf.

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Lesson 6

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 22 - 25 of a total of 28 )

Icon:Audio:Explanation:Transliteration:

Kâf K as in Kate[ k ]

Lâm L as in Lamb, only not as soft[ l ]

Meem M as in Moon[ m ]

Noon N as in Nose[ n ]

The shapes of these letters:

(Kâf)

(Lâm)

(Meem)

(Noon)

Lâm-Alif: The ligature

When Alif is preceded by Lâm, they form a so-called "ligature". A ligature is two or more letters forming a special shape due to their order of appearance. This ligature is called "Lâm-Alif", and looks as if Alif would be written inside Lâm. There is no difference in pronunciation, and Alif is still functioning as a non-connector.

(Lâm-Alif)

Examples:

[ salâm ]
"Peace"

[ lâ ]
"No"

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Lesson 7

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 26 - 28 of a total of 28 )

Icon:Audio:Explanation:Transliteration:

Hâ` H as in Hay[ h ]

Yâ` Y as in Yellow or ee as in Feeling[ y ] or [ ee ]

Wâw W as in Wow! or u as in Luke[ w ] or [ oo ]

The shapes of these letters:

(Hâ`)

(Yâ`)

(Wâw)

Yâ' and Wâw functions both as consonant and vowel, depending on their tashkeel, and also the tashkeel of the preceding letter.
Yâ' and Wâw are always pronounced as consonants except in one case (that is; one case for each letter) in which they are pronounced as vowels:

• If Yâ' has Sukoon and is preceded by a letter that has Kasrah, then it is read long: [ ee ]

• 

• [ deen ]
  "Religion"
• If Wâw has Sukoon and is preceded by a letter that has Dammah, it is read long: [ oo ].

• 

[ joo` ]
"Hunger"

Note: These two "Sukoons" are usually not written in normal writing.
Otherwise they are pronounced as a consonant. Here are some examples:

[ sayf ]
"Sword"

[ bayân ]
"Explanation"

[ khawf ]
"Fear"

[ jawâb ]
"Answer

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Lesson 8

Alif with Hamzah

When Alif is in the beginning of a word it is almost always carrying a Hamzah, which means it is pronounced not as Alif, but as a full total stop of air followed by the Hamzahs Harakah.

Example: Alif without any Hamzah preceded by a Fathah:
Examples on how Hamzah is pronounced:




[ i ]-[ a ]-[ u ]


Hamzah is not necessarily carried by an Alif! It could be found on (from the right): Alif, Alone (independent Hamzah is larger), Yâ' and Wâw. The pronunciation is however the same.







Some examples on Hamzah when used in words:






[ akhadha ]
"He took"





[ adhhabu ]
"I am going"





[ ukhriju ]
"I am taking out"





[ sa'ala ]
"He asked"





[ qara'a ]
"He read"





[ yas'alu ]
"He is asking"





[ yaqra'u ]
"He is reading"





Tashkeel and Harakât: level 2


Shaddah shows that the letter is a double-consonant. A word that originally looks like this:





[ dhah-haba ]



Could then be written as following:



[ dhah-haba ]
"he made (something) go"



Also notice the influence shaddah has on the meaning of words when reading the same word save shaddah:




[ dhahaba ]
"he went"



Tanween

Sometimes two instances of either Dammah, Fathah or Kasrah are found on the same letter in the end of a word. These "double-Harakât" are collectively called Tanween. Here are the three different forms of Tanween:

• Dammatân (means two Dammahs):

[ kitâbun ]
"Book", nominative form

• Fathatân (means two Fathah):

[ kitâban ]

"Book", accusative form

• Kasratân (means two Kasrahs):

[ kitâbin ]

"Book", genitive form




Did you see that an Alif has been added to [ kitâban ] ? If the Fathatân are not pronounced for (below mentioned) reasons, only the Alif is pronounced: [ kitâbâ ]


Important rule in reading Arabic

The Harakah of the last letter of your reading or of a sentence should not be pronounced unless its clarification is needed. Generally it's not though.
One should however not be under the impression that there never is a last Harakah, or that the last Harakah always is Sukoon. This is incorrect.

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Lesson 9

In this lesson we will learn three letters that are not a part of the regular alphabet:

Icon:Audio:Explanation:Transliteration:

Tâ` Marbootah Tâ' or Hâ'[ at ] eller [ ah ]

Alif Maqsoorah Exactly like Alif[ â ]

Hamzatul-Wasl Literally "Hamzah for Joining". Explanation below!

The shapes of these letters:

(Tâ' Marbootah)

(Alif Maqsoorah)

Tâ' Marbootah

"Tied Tâ'" - This letter exists only as the last letter of a word. This letter is pronounced as Hâ' when its Harakah isn't pronounced (as in the end of a sentence for example). And it is pronounced as Tâ' when its Harakah is pronounced.

[ hamzah ]
Is the letter that we learned in lesson 8

Alif Maqsoorah

This letter is pronounced exactly like Alif. This letter exists only as the last letter of a word.

[ ´alâ ]
"Over", "On top of"

[ moosâ ]
Moses the prophet

[ ´asâ ]
"He disobeyed"

[ ´asâ ]
"Cane", "Walking stick"

NoticeThe last two words have the exact same pronunciation but with different spelling, and thus different meaning.

Alif with Hamzatul-Wasl

Hamzatul-Wasl is used very often in the arabic language, not to mention when the definite article is attached to nouns. To attach the definite article to nouns we put Alif with Hamzatul-Wasl and Lâm with Sukoon before the word (not separating them with spaces).
Hamzatul-Wasl has five basic rules:
If Hamzatul-Wasl is not preceded by a Harakah (in other words: in the beginning of your reading), it is pronounced as ordinary Hamzah with Fathah (unless another Harakah is specified)

[ bayt ]
"Home"

[ al-bayt ]
"The home"

If there is a Harakah preceding Hamzatul-Wasl, then that preceding Harakah is pronounced while Hamzatul-Wasl is not pronounced.

[ ameer ]
"Commanderer", "Orderer"

[ ameerul-bayt ]
"The head of the family", literally "The commander of the house"

[ hamzatul-wasl ]

[ yâ ameeral-bayt ]
"O head of the family!"

[ min ameeril-bayt ]
"From the head of the family"

- If Hamzatul-Wasl is preceded by an Alif (with Sukoon) and Fathah preceding the Alif, only Fathah is pronounced.

[ ´alad-deen ]

"Aladdin" from 1000 and one night, literally meaning "On the religion", eg. religious
Why isn't Lâm in Ad-Deen being pronounced? We'll explain this further in Lesson 10!
- If Hamzatul-Wasl is preceded by a Yâ' (with Sukoon) and Kasrah preceding the Yâ', only Kasrah is pronounced.

[ fil-bayt ]
"At home"

- If Hamzatul-Wasl is preceded by a Wâw (with Sukoon) and Dammah preceding the Wâw, only Dammah is pronounced.

[ abul-hârith ]
"Lion", literally "The ploughmans father"

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Lesson 10

As we mentioned earlier, when a word is turned into definite form in arabic, we may add Alif with Hamzatul-Wasl and Lâm with Sukoon preceding the word without separation of spaces.

[ bayt ] - [ al-bayt ]
"Home" - "The home"

Alif and Lâm is in this sense called "Alif and Lâm to make definite". Sometimes this particular Lâm is not pronounced even though it is written, and the letter succeeding it will be pronounced with Shaddah.
Example:

[ rasool ] - [ ar-rasool ]

"Messenger" - "The Messenger"It is the letter Râ' that initiates the behaviour of pronouncing the word in this way. The arabic alphabet is divided into two equally large groups of letters; one that initiates this behaviour and one that doesn't.

The names of these two groups are as follows:

[ al-hurooful-qamariyyah ]
"The Moon Letters"

[ al-huroofush-shamsiyyah ]
"The Sun Letters"

So the alphabet is consisting of 28 letters, of which 14 are members of the Moon Letters and 14 of them are members of the Sun Letters.

[ al-huroof al-qamariyyah ]

Alif

Bâ`

Jeem

Hâ`

Khâ`

`Ayn

Ghayn

Fâ`

Qâf

Kâf

Meem

Hâ`

Yâ`

Wâw

[ al-huroof ash-shamsiyyah ]

Tâ`

Thâ`

Dâl

Dhâl

Râ`

Zây

Seen

Sheen

Sâd

Dâd

Tâ`

Zâ`

Lâm

Noon

As you listen to the word [ al-qamar ] "The Moon" you will notice that Qâf does not make Lâm disappear in pronunciation. And Qâf is a member of the Moon Letters, so this is a good way to know that the "Moon Letters" is the group that doesn't make Lâm disappear in pronunciation.

And as you listen to the word [ ash-shams ], "The Sun" you will notice that Sheen makes Lâm disappear in pronunciation. And Sheen is a member of the Sun Letters, so this is a good way to know that the "Sun Letters" is the group that does make Lâm disappear in pronunciation.

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Precourse

This precourse exists to make it easier to understand the following lessons.

The letters have 4 different states

A letter in arabic writing always has one of four harakât;

1. Dammah
2. Fathah
3. Kasrah
4. Sukoon

When a letter has one of these harakât it takes a name specific to that harakah:

dammah madmoom

fathah maftooh

kasrah maksoor

sukoon sâkin

Wâw with a fathah is therefore called "wâw maftooh".

The basic elements of arabic

The arabic language consists of three basic elements;

1. Particles (ar. harf, pl. huroof)
2. Verbs (ar. fi´l, pl. af´âl)
3. Nouns (as defined in arabic) are: All words save particles and verbs. (ar. ism, pl. asmâ')

These elements are not necessarily separated by spaces.

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The indefinite noun

To say "A book" in arabic
(eg. an unknown book—we don't know what book)
only one word is necessary:






[ kitâb ]
"A book"


It is the tanween (double-harakât) in the end of the word that indicates that this book is unknown, eg. that the noun is indefinite.
Specifications for the definition of nouns

• The tanween of a noun indicates that the noun is indefinite.
• Names (Proper names) as Fredric or Muhammad are always definite regardless of tanween.
• Singular as well as plural nouns may carry the tanween.
• The basic rule is that every noun has dammah as its last harakah.

Examples:





[ rukn ]
"A pillar"



[ arkân ]
"(Several) pillars"

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Alif Lâm at-Ta`reef

In order to make a noun definite in arabic, we use a particle called "alif lâm for definition" which we will learn about now.

The specifications for this particle

The particle consists of Alif (with hamzah al-wasl) and lâm (sâkin).

• The particle is inserted right before the noun which you want to make definite.
• If the last letter of the noun has tanween then only one of the two harakât remains.

Example:




"A house/home" – "The house/home"

Remember....that here is where we implement the use of the "Sun Letters"—refer to lesson 10 for rehearsal.


Example:




"A messenger" – "The messenger"

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Ism Al-Ishârah


Vocabulary

hâdhâ "This"

dhâlika "That"



Ism Al-Ishârah means a demonstrative
(lit. "pointing") pronoun, and is used (as the name suggests)
for pointing out at nouns.


hâdhâ is actually pronounced as ,
but the alif after is omitted in writing.


The same goes for as it is actually pronounced .


If you are writing all the harakât of the word then it is fitting that you write a small alif instead of fathah.

Example: and .
This small alif is called "dagger-alif":


Examples:





[ hâdhâ bayt ]
"This is a house/home"





[ dhâlika qalam ]
"That is a pen"

Specifications for

• Every has a field of use, and the noun which is being pointed out at has to be in accordance to the field of use of the word you are using to point out with.

• You should learn the fields of use for the asmâ' al-ishârah (pl. of ism al-ishârah) appearing in this lesson. Preferrably in arabic but otherwise in english.

Field of use

Near + Singular + Masculine + Animate + Non-Animate.



Field of use

Far + Singular + Masculine + Animate + Non-Animate.
It would be correct to use for a book lying near me (because it is near, singular, masculine (yes, masculine!) and non-animate).
The same goes for a boy standing near to me (he would then be near, singular, masculine and animate).



But it would not be correct to use because it is used for pointing out at nouns that are far away.



Regarding the definition of animate beings

The things which are animate (as far as arabic is concerned) are human and genies (jinn).
Genies are invisible spirits that live amongst us and who are quite unlike ourselves.

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Harf Wâw Lil-`Atf

To say "and" we use the "conjunction particle" called harf wâw lil-`atf.



Specifications for harf wâw lil-`atf

The particle consists of one letter, wâw maftûh.

• The particle is inserted directly before the word (without separating the two with spaces), and it precedes every other particle that could precede the word.

Example:




"This is a house/home and that is a pen"

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Interrogative sentences

In order to make a demonstrative sentence into an interrogative sentence, eg. In order to make the sentence "This is a book" into "Is this a book?" we have two possibilities.

We could make use of (hamzah maftooh upon alif):


[ ahâdhâ kitâb? ]
"Is this a book?"
And we could use :


[ hal hâdhâ kitâb? ]
"Is this a book?"
The two sentences form the same meaning, but is a particle and is a noun.
Specifications for
Is inserted at the beginning of the word we want to interrogate about, without being separated by spaces.


is in arabic called "interrogative particle".


We could change what we are interrogating about in the sentence by moving the to another word:
Example:



[ alaka hâdhâ? ]
"Is this yours?"




[ ahâdhâ lak? ]
"Is it this, that is yours?"


Specifications for :
is positioned at the beginning of the sentence regardless.

is separated by spaces.

is called "Interrogative noun".


There is no way to change the interrogated noun, because the sentence in itself is being interrogated about.

If precedes hamzah al-wasl
then the lâm in becomes maksoor:

1. 
   [ halish-shâyu jâhiz? ]
   "Is the tea ready?"
   
   
   

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Harf Jarr & Ism Majroor

Huroof jarr are particles describing where an object is located, amongst other things.

The first that we're going to learn is which means "in", "within".

Example:

"Within a book"

"Within the book"

Some of the

Word==Pronunciation==Meaning

==fee=="In", "Within"

`==alâ=="On top of", "Above"

==ilâ=="To"

==min=="From"

==ma`== a"With"

Specifications for

The particle is called "harf jarr" and the affected word is called "ism majroor".

The last letter of ism majroor becomes maksoor (it takes kasrah).
If the particle precedes hamzah al-wasl then noon in becomes maftooh:

Example:

"He is from the river"

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Damâ'ir ar-Raf`


Vocabulary:


"Pocket"

"Here"

"Watch", or "Hour"



(pl. damâ'ir) Dameer means pronoun (like "He", "She" and "It").


Damâ'ir may be used as pointers to animate and non-animate nouns. You may therefor use "He" and "This" on the same object, but you have to differentiate between "He" and "She".


Some of the damâ'ir ar-raf`

Me

You (Pointing to a masculine noun)

You (Pointing to a feminine noun)

He

She


Examples:



"Where is the book?"



"It is in the pocket."




"And where are you?"





"I am here, in the house (or at home).


"How do we know the sex of nouns?

Most often we find that feminine words are ending with tâ' marbootah, and we point to them using amongst others.


Example:




"Where is the watch?"




"It is in the pocket.


"Specifications for the damâ'ir appearing in this lesson

1. They may be used for pointing to both animate and inanimate nouns.
2. Kasrah in is always pronounced, even if the word appears as last in a sentence.
   
   [ ayna anti? ]
   "Where are you (pointing to a feminine noun)?"
3. lacks of sex and may be used for both.
4. Tâ' marbootah is a hint that the word is feminine.

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Mubtada' & Khabar


Dictionary:


"Man"

"Beautiful"




"The man is beautiful"


A closer look at the sentence:The starting point of the sentence is "The man", and the information that is being given is that he is "Beautiful".
"Starting point" in arabic is called mubtada'
and "information" is called khabar.

Thus we say:

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Ism Al-Istifhâm

Ism al-Istifhâm is in english called "interrogative noun".




A few examples of Asmâ' Al-Istifhâm


Dictionary:

"How?"

"What?"

"Where?"


Let us look at an example of a demonstrative sentence:



"The situation is good."







This sentence would be an answer to the question: "How is the situation?". "How?" would then be replacing "Good.".






"How is the situation?" is in both of the preceding

sentences, and the is
and .Specifications for

1. If is an then will precede .
2. is then called khabar muqaddam "preeceding information"
3. is then called mubtada' mu'akh-khar "succeeding starting point".

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Harf Inna Lit-Ta'kîd

In order to put emphasis to an english sentence we may say "Verily the book is beautiful" or "Lo! The book is beautiful", meaning that it's beautiful, and that fact is really true.
In arabic we use "Particle Inna for emphasis" which is also referred to as .

"The book is beautiful"

"Verily this book is beautiful"
Specifications for

1. Inna is always placed preceding the mubtada'.
2. Mubtada' is now called "ism inna".
3. Khabar is now called "khabar inna".
4. The last letter of ism inna becomes maftooh.
5. The last letter of khabar inna becomes madmoom.

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All asmâ' have three different cases

Each and every ism have three different cases. The three cases are as following:

1. Marfoo` - Nominative case
2. Mansoob - Ackusative case
3. Majroor - Genitive case

We have both fundamental and exceptional rules for the cases of asmâ'. The fundamental rules for these cases are:

• The final letter of an ism in the nominative case becomes madmoom.
• The final letter of an ism in the ackusative case becomes maftooh.
• The final letter of an ism in the genitive case becomes maksoor.

We have already learnt 5 types of asmâ' that always has a set case. They are:

• Mubtada' which is always marfoo`.
• Khabar which is always marfoo`.
• Ism inna which is always mansoob.
• Khabar inna which is always marfoo`.
• Ism majroor which is always majroor.

Whenever we describe the cases of different elements in the arabic language, we will describe for every harf:
"There is no syntactical function"This pointing to the fact that it does not carry a case.

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Indeclinable asmâ'

"Indeclinable" is in arabic called , and its counterpart "declinable" is called .

If an ism is indeclinable then it doesn't show any case, eg. that the fundamental rules (that are described in the previous lesson) are not applicable to this ism.
There are seven types of asmâ' that are always indeclinable, of which we have learned three:

1. Asmâ' al-ishârah
2. Asmâ' al-istifhâm
3. All forms of damâ'ir.

In other words, which is a part of always carries on its last letter, even if it becomes marfoo` and should have dammah etc.
Then we say about that the last letter is sâkin, and that it is "mabnee upon sukoon". Following are examples of the harakât that are relevant:

"kayf: ism al-istifhâm, mabnee upon al-fath (eg. al-fathah)

"hâdhihi: ism al-ishârah, mabnee upon al-kasr (eg. al-kasrah)

"mabnee upon ad-damm (eg. ad-dammah)

"hâdhâ: ism al-ishârah, mabnee upon as-sukoon

Whenever an ism becomes mubtada' then it also becomes marfoo`. But if it also is mabnee then we wouldn't say that, rather we would say that it would be marfoo` if it wasn't mabnee.
We thus say: "In the position of raf` (derived from marfoo`, removing the meem and wâw)".

• "In the position of raf`" eg. that it would be if it wasn't mabnee.
• "In the position of nasb" eg. that it would be if it wasn't mabnee.
• "In the position of jarr" eg. that it would be if it wasn't mabnee.

In other words, we can't spot which case an ism has just by looking at the harakah of the final letter, rather we spot it by looking at its position in the sentence.

In the preceding sentence it's eminent that hâdhâ is mubtada' even though the final letter is sâkin.

[islamicfajr]

I`râb

Whenever we analyze the grammatical characteristics of words in an arabic sentence, we call it "analyzing the i`râb of the sentence, or words". The purpose of this lesson is to learn analyzing i`râb.
These are types of asmâ' that are appearing in this lesson:

• An indefinite ism, eg. is called
• A definite ism, eg. is called
• A masculine proper name (a boys name), eg. Muhammad is called
• A feminine proper name (a girls name), eg. Sârah is called

Learn to write the i`râb of the following sentences:

"Muhammad is a muslim"

"`Â'ishah is from Iraq"

[islamicfajr]

Al-Idâfah

Al-Idâfah means:Association of an ism with another one, in order to affect its definition or to specify its meaning.
Al-Idâfah consists of two words following eachother, the first one is called mudâf and the other one is called mudâf ilayh. Their fields of use include (but is not limited to):

• In order to show that one thing is owned by another
• In order to make two words get a relation by being placed side-by-side, affecting their meaning. For example: "Keyboard", or "Doorknob"

Example of an idâfah:

"The book of Bilâl"


Specifications for

1. Mudâf does neither carry tanwîn nor alif lâm at-ta´reef.
2. Mudâf ilayh is always majroor.

Examples:

"The soorah of sincerity" (a chapter of the qur'an is called a soorah)

"The women's soorah"
So mudâf ilayh is majroor, but why does mudâf always seem to be marfoo`?Because the fundamental rule for asmâ' is that they are marfoo`. In the following example the word "umm" is mudâf to "bilâl" though majroor - because it's mudâf ilayh to "bayt" at the same time:

"Bilâls mothers house"



We say that mudâf is "ism nakirah" due to its lack of , but when looking at the actual meaning it should be considered ma`rifah if its mudâf ilayh is ma`rifah.

As a similtude in english, we may say "The book", "Your book", and "A computer's book".
The book is considered definite in the first two sentences, in the first because of "the", and in the second one because it is owned by "your" (which is definite), even though it lacks "the". In the third sentence "book" is indefinite due to "a computer" being indefinite.

"This is a page of a book"

"This is the page of the book"

[islamicfajr]

Damâ'ir Al-Jarr

Damâ'ir al-jarr are damâ'ir who always are fee mahall jarr (in the place of jarr), and thus take the place of an ism who is majroor.
And an ism becomes majroor only in two cases:

1. If it directly follows a harf jarr ie. it becomes ism majroor
2. If it becomes mudâf ilayh.

In order to introduce the first dameer jarr: , which points to the second person in a dialogue. First you'll see some examples when it becomes ism majroor and then you'll see when it becomes mudâf ilayh
Whenever dameer jarr becomes fee mahall jarr - ism majroor

In this case it means "you", as in:

"In" - "In you"

"From" - "From you"


Whenever dameer jarr becomes fee mahall jarr - mudâf ilayh

In this case dameer jarr means whatever mudâf ilayh normally means - repeat the lesson about Idâfah if this is unclear.
Example:

"A book" - "Your book"
Some damâ'ir jarr

"Mine""Yours" (masc.)"Yours" (fem.)"His""Hers"
Specifications for

I categorize the specifications into three categories;

• Those who are relevant to both (General specifications)
• Those who are relevant to those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr ism majroor
• Those who are relevant to those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr mudâf ilayh

General specifications

• A dameer jarr and its jârr (the thing who makes it majroor, or fee mahall jarr) is not separated by spaces. The examples showing this are found above.
• If the jârr has tâ' marbutah in the end of it then it becomes normal tâ' (which is called tâ' maftoohah "opened tâ'", unlike tâ' marbutah "tied tâ'"):
  "A page" - "Your page" - "My page"
• If dameer jarr yâ' "Mine" is to be used, and the last letter of jârr is also yâ' (regardless of what harakah), then only one yâ' maftooh is written with shaddah:
  [ safhee ] - [ safhiyya ]
  "A fool" - "My fool"

Specifications for those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr ism majroor

• If the jârr (ie. the harf jarr that you are using) has alif maqsoorah (ie. `alâ or ilâ) then it becomes yâ' sâkin:
  "On" - "On you"
  
  "To" - "To you"
  If that dameer jarr also is yâ' "Mine" then only one yâ' maftooh with shaddah is written as described above.
• If harf jarr gets dameer jarr yâ' "Mine" then noon in gets shaddah and kasrah (it becomes mushaddad maksoor):
  "From" - "From me"

Specifications for those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr mudâf ilayh

• If mudâf has alif maqsoorah in the end then normal alif is written:
  "Guidance" - "Your guidance"
• If mudâf has alif and gets dameer jarr yâ' "Mine" then normal alif is written and then yâ' maftooh:
  [ hudâ ] - [ hudâya ]
  "Guidance" - "My Guidance"

[islamicfajr]

Harf An-Nidâ' & Al-Munâdâ

In order to summon someone we use , and the one who is being summoned is then called Al-Munâdâ.



Harf An-Nidâ' exists in english!In the old english there is a way to express yourself in a similar way; "yâ malik as-su`oodiyyah!" "O king of Saudi Arabia!"
This harf is also used for clarifying who is being adressed in a dialogue, then is used as a separator between the uttered sentence and the one who is being adressed. It is still a sort of summoning, though.

[ masmuka yâ akhee ]
"What is your name, O brother?"







Specifications for and

• If carries tanween then only one harakah should remain at the end of the word.
• If carries alif lâm at-ta`reef then they shall not be written out.
  "The All-Forgiving (one of the Names of Allâh)" - "O All-Forgiving!"
• If munâdâ is mudâf then munâdâ becomes mansoob:
  "O lord of the house!"
  
  Now we write that munâdâ is mansoob "because of it being mudâf":
  

[islamicfajr]

As-Sifah Wal-Mawsoof

An attribute in arabic is called sifah, pl. sifât.

Sifât are used to give attributes to other asmâ'. The two following sentences does not contain any sifât:
"The man is kind"

"The man is tall"
The following sentence contains one sifah, "taweel" which is attributed to "ar-rajul":

"The tall man is kind"
Specifications for sifât:

• The attribute is called sifah.
• The possessor of the attribute is called mawsoof.
• The mawsoof should always precede its sifah.
• A sifah inherits four things from its mawsoof: Definition If mawsoof is definite then its sifah should have alim lâm at-ta`reef in order to also become definite. Sex If mawsoof is feminine then its sifah should have tâ' marbootah in order to also become feminine. Case If mawsoof is marfoo` then its sifah should also be marfoo` etc. Number If mawsoof comes in plural form then its sifah should also come in plural form.
• A mawsoof is not limited to just one sifah, it could possess an unlimited number of sifât.

Examples


"The beneficial book is new"

"The beneficial book is in the office"


"The beneficial book is in the large office"






"The small watch (or clock) is in the store."

"The little girl is kind."
Note referring to the last exampleMubtada' and khabar always correspond in sex and number - that is why tâ' marbûtah has been added to "lateef".

"Lateef" is in other words khabar and not a sifah in the above example.

[islamicfajr]

Awzân (Patterns)

When declining words in arabic then they are declined according to patterns ( ar. awzân, sing. wazn ). We are going to learn this by studying the resemblences of three different words:

The above words are using the same wazn: af`âl. Let us look at the next three words in order to demonstrate another sort of resemblance:

These words are using different awzan; The first one is using fi`âl, the second one is using maf`al, and the last one is using fâ`il.
The resemblance lies in the letters which the patterns are making use of. These letters are called root letters.
Every ism or fi`l (verb) thus consists of two components: A pattern and root letters. Huroof does not make use of patterns nor root letters.

A pattern originally consists of fâ', `ayn and lâm. They are later swapped for the letters in the word that you desire - but the root letters are still referred to as their original letter in the following way:

1. "The fâ' of the word"
2. "The `ayn of the word"
3. "The lâm of the word"

So is in the word .
And there are words that make use of more than three root letters, but we will get into that later.

[islamicfajr]

Muthannâ - Dual

An ism does not only come in singluar form, it comes in a whopping three forms:

• Mufrad - Singular (1)
• Muthannâ - Dual (2)
• Jam` - Plural (3 or more)

An ism muthannâ looks like and functions exactly like an ism mufrad, with the exception that is has different signs for showing case, and that it makes use of noon al-muthannâ.
Different signs for showing case

Rather than the normal (that the last letter of a letter shows what case it has by carrying different a harakah for each case), the last letter of a muthannâ ism always carry fathah, and the following:

• If it is marfoo` then alif is added at the end of the word.
• If it is majroor or mansoob then yâ' sâkin is added at the end of the word.
• If the word has tâ' marbootah at the end then it becomes tâ' maftoohah.

We will hold on with the examples until we have studied the next part.
Noon al-muthannâ

Noon al-muthannâ is noon maksoor which is being added at the end of the word (after the alif or the yâ' that was previously mentioned).
If the word is mujarrad then noon al-muthannâ is added, and if not then it is not added.
Mujarrad is the opposite of being mudâf. If a word is mudâf then it is not mujarrad and vice versa.
Examples

Examples of asmâ' that are marfoo` mujarrad muthannâ:

"Two books"
"Two pens"
"Two pages"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are mansoob mujarrad muthannâ:

"Verily the two pens are beautiful"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are majroor mujarrad muthannâ:

"Are there two pages in the two books?"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are marfoo` mudâf muthannâ:

"These are basheers two pens"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are majroor mudâf muthannâ:

"There are two texts in haytham's two books"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are mansoob mudâf muthannâ:

"Verily the two pens of muhammad are beautiful "
"Verily your two pens are beautiful"

[hambaAllah]

bro

bro,,, i have no problem with reading n writing especially by myself but when i try to pronounce in front of my ustazah thats when the problem arrive,,especially the thick words ض ص ط ظ and always confused my ع 1 ق ك س ص especially during my quran recitation with tajweed but i still have not given up. Hope my ustazah can tolerate slow old me indeed maybe she gives up on me instead eh.
for the arabic lesson bro,, May Allah swt blessed u for all the effort

[islamicfajr]

Wa Alaykum Assalam

sister in islam..

May Allah make Arabic easy for u..and May Allah reward u 4 ur effort to trying learn arabic and be advanced in Quran lang..

May Allah Reward ur Ustazah (teacher) too..

......

i leave u in care of allah..

<wasalam>

[Najmoen]

Originally Posted by islamicfajr

Lesson 5

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 18 - 21 of a total of 28 )

´Ayn Sound made by bringing tension to the mid-part of the throat (same place of the throat as Hâ')[ ´ ]

Ghayn Sound made by touching the tounge lightly on the same place that you touch when making the sound for Khâ' (the uppermost part of the throat)[ gh ]

Fâ` F as in Fairy[ f ]
Qâf A "clucking" sound made by the root of the tounge stopping the airflow at the inner-most part of the mouth, which is behind the part where Kâf is uttered[ q ]

The shapes of these letters:

(´Ayn)

(Ghayn)

(Fâ`)

(Qâf)

Listen to `Ayn:

[ ´â ] - [ ´ee ] - [ ´oo ]

Listen and repeat! Take note of the tension of the backside of the throat when the sound of `Ayn comes.

Listen to Ghayn:

[ ghâ ] - [ ghee ] - [ ghoo ]

Listen to Qâf:

[ qâ ] - [ qee ] - [ qoo ]

Take note that Alif sounds different when preceded by Ghayn or Qâf.

• This change happens when Alif is preceded by a total of seven letters; Râ', Sâd. Dâd, Tâ', Zâ', Ghayn and Qâf.

Asalaamu Alaykum

Please rectify the Lesson 5 (Ayn, Ghayn. Qaf) the gharaka is in the wrong place.

Shukran

[kems]

Asalaamualaikum

Thank you for the Lessons, I found the last few very helpful. I found you through searching for sun n moon letters, yours was one of the very few that described them and made sense! May Allah bless you for your work.

Wassalam

[Saifadin_Qutuz]

salam. hey is there a sound clip of pronounciations? I am sure they would be helpfull.

[lebanon]

[quote=Saifadin_Qutuz;44482]salam. hey is there a sound clip of pronounciations? I am sure they would be helpfull.salam yeah it is